Biography of Matilda of Scotland, Wife of Henry I

Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080–May 1, 1118) was a princess of Scotland and later queen of England through her marriage to Henry I. She was a popular queen who presided over an educated and pious court, and she even functioned as queen regent in her husbands stead at times. Fast Facts: Matilda of Scotland Known for:  First wife and queen consort of King Henry I of England and sometimes queen regent, mother of  Empress Matilda/Empress Maud  and grandmother of King Henry IIBorn: c. 1080 in Dunfermline, ScotlandParents: Malcolm III of Scotland, Saint Margaret of ScotlandDied: May 1, 1118 in London, EnglandSpouse:  King Henry I of England (m. 1100–1118) Early Years Matilda was  born around 1080 as the older daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm III and his second wife,  the English princess Margaret later canonized as  Saint Margaret of Scotland.  The royal family had several children: Edward, Edmund of Scotland, Ethelred (became an abbot), three future Scottish kings (Edgar,  Alexander I, and David I), and Mary of Scotland (who married Eustace III of Boulogne, becoming the mother of Matilda of Boulogne who later married King Stephen of England, a nephew of King Henry I of England). Matildas father Malcolm descended from the Scottish royal family, whose brief overthrow inspired Shakespeares Macbeth  (his father was King Duncan). From the age of 6, Matilda and her younger sister Mary were raised under the protection of their aunt Cristina, a nun in the convent at Romsey, England, and later at Wilton. In 1093, Matilda left the convent, and Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, ordered her to return. Matildas family turned down several early marriage proposals for Matilda: from William de Warenne, second Earl of Surrey and Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond. Another rejected proposal, reported by some chroniclers, came from King William II of England. King William II of England died in 1100 and his son Henry quickly seized power, supplanting his older brother through his quick action (a tactic his nephew Stephen would use later to supplant Henrys named heir). Henry and Matilda apparently knew each other already; Henry decided that Matilda would be the most suitable bride for his new kingdom. The Marriage Question Matildas heritage did make her an excellent choice as a bride for Henry I. Her mother was a descendant of King Edmund Ironside, and through him, Matilda was descended from the great Anglo-Saxon king of England, Alfred the Great. Matildas great uncle was Edward the Confessor, so she was also related to the Wessex kings of England. Thus, marriage to Matilda would unite the Norman line to the Anglo-Saxon royal line. The marriage would also ally England and Scotland. However, Matildas years in the convent raised questions of whether she had taken vows as a nun and was thus not free to marry legally. Henry asked Archbishop Anselm for a ruling, and Anselm convened a council of bishops. They heard testimony from Matilda that she had never taken vows, had worn the veil only for protection, and that her stay in the convent had only been for her education. The bishops agreed that Matilda was eligible to marry Henry. Matilda of Scotland and Henry I of England were married at Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1100. At this point, her name was changed from her birth name of Edith to Matilda, by which she is known to history. Matilda and Henry had four children, but only two survived infancy. Matilda, born in 1102, was the elder, but by tradition she was displaced as heir by her younger brother William, who was born the next year. Queen of England Matildas education was valuable in her role as Henrys queen. Matilda served on her husbands council, she was queen  regent when he was traveling, and she often accompanied him on his travels. From 1103 to 1107, the English investiture controversy led to a conflict between church and state over who had the right to appoint (or invest) church officials at the local level. During this time, Matilda served as a mediator between Henry and Archbishop Anselm, eventually helping to resolve the conflict. Her work as regent lives on: to this day, charters and documents signed by Matilda as regent survive. Matilda also commissioned literary works, including a biography of her mother and a history of her family (the latter was completed after her death).  She administered estates that were part of her dower properties and oversaw several architectural projects. In general, Matilda ran a court that valued both culture and religion, and she herself spent a great deal of time on works of charity and compassion. Later Years and Death Matilda lived long enough to see her children make good royal matches. Her daughter Matilda (also known as Maud), was betrothed to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, and she was sent to Germany to be married to him. Maud would later attempt to take the English throne following her fathers death; although she did not succeed, her son did and became Henry II. Matilda and Henrys son William was the heir apparent to his father. He was betrothed to Matilda of Anjou, daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou, in 1113, but died in an accident at sea in 1120. Matilda died on Mary 1, 1118, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. Henry married again but had no other children. He named as his heir his daughter Maud, by that time widow of Emperor Henry V. Henry had his nobles swear fealty to his daughter and then married her to Geoffrey of Anjou, brother of Matilda of Anjou and son of Fulk V. Legacy Matildas legacy lived on through her daughter, who was set to become Englands first reigning queen, but Henrys nephew Stephen seized the throne, and enough barons backed him so that Maud, though she fought for her rights, was never crowned queen. Mauds son eventually succeeded Stephen as Henry II, bringing the descendants of both Norman and Anglo-Saxon kings to the throne. Matilda was remembered as the good queen and Matilda of Blessed Memory. A movement began to have her canonized, but it never actually took shape. Sources Chibnall, Marjorie.  The Empress. Malden, Blackwell Publishers, 1992.Huneycutt, Lois L.  Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Boydell,  2004.â€Å"Matilda of Scotland.†Ã‚  Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia, New World Encyclopedia.

Essay about eating disorder - 1347 Words

Is there a strong connection between the fast food industry and the growing rate of obesity among young children? The answer is yes- fast food consumption is a large contributor to increasing child obesity risks and the effects of long-term health problems in the future. Children are bombarded by fast food advertising on a daily basis which lure them into wanting fast foods in addition to the great taste. The rapid growth of child obesity is in step with the growing fast food chains and market. The realization of this important link is the first step in finding a solution to the growing epidemic of child obesity. A person is considered obese or suffering from obesity when their weight is 20 percent (25 % in women) or more over the maximum†¦show more content†¦Children who eat fast food consume more than those who do not eat fast food. The added consumption leaves less room for important foods like milk, fruits, non-starchy vegetables, and fiber. Children are eating more fast food than ever. â€Å"It is now estimated that children get 10 percent of their total daily calories from fast food, compared to 2 percent in the late 1970s. Additionally, fast food restaurants have doubled in number between 1972 and 1995.† (Ludwig.) â€Å"Billions of dollars are spent each year on fast-food advertising directed at children,† said Dr. David Ludwig, the director of the obesity program at Children’s Hospital Boston. Over the past two decades, America’s leading fast food chains have made marketing alliances with television studios, toy manufacturers and sports leagues. Children are being used to attract adult customers, more profits are made on a family visit rather than a single adult visit. Burger King has joint promotions with the popular â€Å"Rugrats† television show and movie. Wendy’s has teamed up with PlaySkool toys and Sports illustrated for Kids. McDonald’s is in cooperation with numerous toy companies, such as Hasbro, Lego, Mattel and Ty Inc. McDonald’s also shares the biggest alliance with Disney, and with every new movie release there is a happy meal associated with it. Young children are lured in with toys that comeShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eati ng Disorder1205 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders in Today’s World Eating disorders are alive and well in today’s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1184 Words   |  5 Pagesas an eating disorder. 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An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders : Ea ting Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affected

Hyundai Strategic Analysis and it’s Business in South Africa Free Essays

Introduction In recent times, it is sure that the importance of marketing research has increased due to serious competition between companies. That is why there are a plenty of method for information research in order to understand the mind of consumer which can be useful to make the plans and strategy for producing of marketing offering needed by consumer. In addition, through the researching of marketing, the company can build up the priority way to be connected in terms of closes between company and consumer. We will write a custom essay sample on Hyundai Strategic Analysis and it’s Business in South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, most of companies in the world have tried to concentrate on the marketing area by investing a lot of money to investigate for gaining specific information which affects to increase a profit. In this essay, Firstly, the organisation selected is the company of Hyundai Motor. Secondly, target market is South Africa. (sourse:www.autoblog.com/media/2006/06/hyundai.jpg) What is the Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) is one of the most competitive companies in Korea. From 1960s to the early 1980s, Korean government supported automobile industry through special policies and laws like ‘Automobile Industry Protection Law’ and ‘A Long term Plan to Promote the Automobile industry’ in order to boost the economy after the Korean War(1950-1953). While developing continuously with this support, HMC started to export their technique and products to other countries. Their first export was carried out in 1980s in Quebec, Canada. However, their first attempt was unsuccessful closing their plant rather early and struggled to succeed again in India in 1998. Now, HMC is a global company which could survive among other companies in competitive relation: KIA and DAEWOO during economic recession and has continued to develop from both inside and outside of Korea. (A review by Russell et al. 2006) South Africa and consumer (Target Market) According to the table it can be seen below, it show that the growth of rating of economy in South Africa has developed rapidly. It means that for motor company the South African can be consumer marketing area to get a profit. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa) In addition, South Africa has launched a programme called ‘Black Economy Empowerment’, since 1994. This programme is aimed at promote the Black People who have more disadvantages relatively under the circumstance of apartheid economically. Despite some criticism on this programme, it plays a crucial role in developing South Africa’s economy. To be concrete, it encourages companies being run by black owners, especially the Petroleum and Liquid Fuels (PLF) and Mining industry to achieve economic growth within some years. (A reviewed by Stefano Ponte et al 2007) With this series of economic strategy, South Africa has founded more growing economic system and increasing the black people’s right gradually. From this information, it can be known that the quality of life style of Black People in South Africa among Africa is developing due to policy of government which support Black People. As a result, the people supported by BEE policy might have became middle class who get a confidence economically and the ability to buy products. Briefly, it can be said that this group can be great market if the HMC is aimed at there. I20 Hyundai car (market offering) In mind of consumer, it is sure that the extent of safety of product is main issue. I20 is the motor produced which is one of the most safeties cars in Hyundai motor company. I20 contains of both the condition of safety and modern design including superb interior made from material which feel people comfortable. I20 is the prestigious European National Car Assessment Programme 5 star which proves the quality of safety. In addition, it is cheaper than other motor companies. (I20 may be required http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131438.html , no date) It will be able to have a competitiveness of product to survive in business market if it is sold in South Africa. However, the Hyundai motor company need to have other market strategy for getting more powerful endurance. One example is that they put specific brand image and soul into I20 by using advertisement and giving people t-shirt drawn the picture and logo of I20 to connect with consumer. In c onclusion, it should reach on the target group who became middle class in South Africa who has economical ability because of BEE policy established in time of Nelson Mandela. In addition, it should be focus on group which has educated under parent affected by BEE. They get a sense of selecting the car designed as modern and up to date and elegant. (Source: Http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRF/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131453) Primary data and Secondary data Generally, there are three types of information the company can obtain: Internal data, Marketing intelligence, and Marketing research. (The view proposed by Philip Kotler 2010 P.126-131).Three kind of information can be divided into two methods: Primary data, and Secondary data. Basically, the primary data is related to marketing research. Secondary data also is connected to marketing intelligence and internal data. When it comes to the principle of marketing, the mean of primary can be classified as ‘it consists of information gathered for the special research plan’. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.131) The secondary data can be defined as ‘it consists of information that already exists somewhere having been collected for another purpose’. Philip Kotler 2010 P.131) Secondary data can be consists of two sorts of source: internal source and external sources. Examples of internal source are company reports, previous company research, salesperson feedback and customer feedback. The examples of external source are the published research, trade organisation, syndicated research and government source. Primary data collection is divided into four types of collection: research approaches, contact methods and sampling plan and research instrument. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133-142) Firstly, the research approaches consists of four types of researches: observational research, ethnographic research, survey research and experimental research. The observational research can be the technique to collect the primary data by observing the people in term of action and circumstance. The ethnographic research is to use the professional discover for understanding of natural the environment of consumer. The survey of research is generally the most useful skills for knowing of knowledge and attitude and preference. The experimental research is of collection general information. When it comes to contact method in a marketing research, generally, it is linked to the way of online to pick up the thought of consumer. The benefits of contact method by online are that it is cheap and speed. The representati ve examples of contact Methods are Mail and Telephone and personal interviewing. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.135) According to principle of marketing, the definition of sample can be determined as ‘a segment of the population selected for marketing research to represent the population as a whole.’ (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139) In order to use this tactics, first of all, the company should consider who people to be selected for survey are. In addition it should be took into account how many people will be research as well as how the people can be chosen. Furthermore, the research instrument is questionnaires that it is general way by using phone and online. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139-142) What is the benefit of primary data? Basically, there are advantages and disadvantages both primary data and secondary data. Compared with primary data, there are a number of secondary data so that it can be of use for the company faced with problem, indicating a way for overcoming of problem with developing of the understanding of problem. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) However, there are some problems in a secondary data up to whether its information is relevant with problem of company or not. Therefore it is necessary for the company to consider the extent of relevant, accurate, up to date and impartial with the problem faced with company. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133) On the other hand, the main benefit of primary data is to get the information for target group in the time of makeing new products, which affect the company get competitiveness for winning against competitive company. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) In addition, this method will become the protection of wall for loss of profit by preparing the situation carried out. From the primary data, the company can obtain fulfilling conditions of information in term of accurate, up to date, relevant. (Source:http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/index.htm) The conclusion For company both secondary data and primary data should be need. Even though the cost of making of primary data is expensive but help the company to succeed against competitive company. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) For improving of marketing research skill, firstly, the company has to define what the problem is and the target marketing is. In addition, should be created new idea what the market place is and the target consumer is as well as considering of which product the consumer want to buy. If company build up the creative strategy for specific target market with consumer, it will be able to succeed. Bibliography RUSSELL D. LANSBURY*, SEUNG-HO KWON** CHUNGSOK SUH (2006) ‘Globalization and Employment Relations in the Korean Auto Industry: The Case of the Hyundai Motor Company in Korea, Canada and India’ Vol. 12, No. 2, 131–147, EBSCO (Online), available at (assessed: April 2006) Stefano Ponte, Simon Roberts and Lance van Sittert (2007) ‘Black Economic Empowerment’, Business and the State in South Vol. 38, Issue 5, p933-955. 23p. EBSCO (Online), (assessed: ep2007) Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong 2010 Principle of Marketing, Thirteenth Edition, p 126-142.PEARSON http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html (no date and Author) http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131438.html (No date and Author) http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/index.htm Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa [/level-freee-rstricted] How to cite Hyundai Strategic Analysis and it’s Business in South Africa, Essay examples

Intertwined Mobilities of Education Law †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Intertwined Mobilities of Education Law. Answer: Introduction: The 417 Working Holiday Visa (Subclass 417) is one of the common temporary visa systems for the young people who comes for holiday and grab the permission for working in Australia. They are allowed to have the work permit for 1 year where the visa helps to encourage them in the cultural exchanges and become more close with the Australia and the eligible country of the visa holders. Here according to the case study, Steven who is about 28 years old arrived in Australia from United Kingdom has already a 417 Working Holiday Visa. After completing the Regional Australia he is required apply for the second time for 417 Working Holiday Visa. When the visa holder of the 417 Working Holiday Visa (Subclass 417) is applying for the second working visa then the applicant should present in the Australia. If someone applies for the second time visa application then he or she should be in the outside of the Australia. In this visa permit they are required at least 6 months of working experience in Australia. There are some important requirements which need to fulfill by the visa applicant[1]. Those are: The applicant should complete the age of between 18 to 30 years old There should have a valid passport which includes at least 6 months of passport renewal. The applicant also needs to have enough funds which will help the applicant for supporting own self. At the time of first visa he or she needs to complete the minimum of 3 months or 88 days of specified work which is mentioned in the visa application under the regional Australia[2]. The visa applicant should have the proper health and character approval certificates. The applicant should have not any records of the substantial criminal conviction. The applicant should not have any records of any major substantial medical issues[3]. The applicant also not has applied for the Australia on a Work and Holiday (462) visa in previously. The visa application is not applied for the dependent children when they are staying in Australia. When the visa holder of the 417 Working Holiday Visa is applying for the second working visa then the applicant should present in the Australia and if not then the applicant must not apply more than 12 months before the applicant travel to Australia. The Visa condition of 8547 defines that the visa holder should not be employed for more than 6 months under one employer without the written permission of the Secretary[4]. The Visa condition of 8548 defines that the visa holder should not enter or engaged for more than 4 months with any education organization for studying and training[5]. When the students come to Australia for having a full time educational training or studying in a registered educational institution then the student need to apply for a Student Visa (subclass 500). The requirements for the valid application for a student visa subclass 500 are: The applicant must provide the proper evidence for the enrolment of their application lodgment[6]. The visa applicant needs to complete the health testing as per the process of the visa application[7]. The applicant should have the integrity measures under the genuine temporary entrant (GTE) where it helps to the student for complete the visa program. The applicant should have proper evidence where the =y are bound to prove the evidence of recent employment. If the visa applicant is in under the 18 years of age then it will not allow to process. However, the parents will apply the application form of 1229. Along with the form they are also requires having proper accommodation and welfare arrangements. When the applicant is dependent school enrolment then the enrolment in one of the Australian school is required. The applicant must have proper knowledge of English and the applicant also required to give test of IELTS, TOEFL, PTE, CAE, and OET where the required score will help to get the visa[8]. The applicant also requires having enough of capital capacity where he or she will able to pay the cost of education in Australia. The dependent applicants family members should have a combined Student visa application for joining the main applicant to staying in Australia. According to the student visa the parents can stay in Australia unto 3 months and if they are intended to stay for more that 3 months then they are required having their own visa. The visa applicant must have the adequate health insurance while they will stay in Australia. The Overseas Student Heath Cover helps to provide the health insurance for the visa applicant[9]. According to the Australian visa system Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462) provide the solutions for the applicant whenever they are travelling to Australia for the holiday purposes and want to involve in work for a temporary purposes then the visa holder should apply for the work permit and along with the holiday get the legislation of Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462). The visa application helps the visa holder to stay in Australia for at least 1 year to work harder and in between this time and work together[10]. The visa helps to the visa holders to the visa helps to encourage them in the cultural exchanges and become more close with the Australia and the eligible country of the visa holders[11]. Therefore under the Class FA subclass 600 Tourist Stream Visa when Pippy applied then it was only providing him for the tourist visa purposes. However, when he was having the shortage of money then he tried to work in a local caf. However, it breaches the rules of the 600 Tourist visa. While he can apply for the Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462) which provide him the work permit along with the holidays permission for up to 1 year. When they are applying for the visa the applicant need to complete the age of 18 30 years and should carry a valid passport. The visa application should have at least 6 months of renewal of the visa application. It allows a visa holder to stay up to 12 months and work permits of up to 6 months under the employees[12]. According to the Code of Conduct the Registered Migration Agents are entitled to follow the rules where they will involved with the fair ethical conducts. The Migration Agents Registration Authority (MARA) provide the regulation of the migration process where the migration agents are works according to the self regulation. Therefore it is the duty of the migration agents that will work with their client with a fair conducts and diligence of their duties. They must work according to the law where it provide the legislation of the registered migration agents[13]. Now if the migration agent provides any invalid application then he will breach the Code of Conducts. According to the Code of Conduct the migration agent must not involved in any activities where they ever involved with any illegal or unethical activities while they are appointed as the migration agent under the migration law. Providing a wrong application in the migration visa process is breach the duties of the code of the conduct[14]. The migration agents are not make any statement in the support of the application which is believe as that they are misleading or deceptive the government authority which is against of the Code of Conducts according to the Migration Law. Therefore, they are not engage in any false or misleading advertising which make the punishment for them. However if it was found that the migration agent is submitting any wrong application on the government authority then they will take legal obligation against the migration agent. Protection Class XA Subclass 866 Protection Visa provides the visa to the applicant who wants to take the permanent resident in Australia. The applicant should fulfill the requirements which include: The person should require for the protection under the Australian government who can be stay in the defacto relation or marry any person. The person can be recognizing as the refugee under the Australian Law. According to the race, religion, political opinion, nationality or must belong from any particular social group[15]. The applicant need to prove that there is any emergency requirements for the removal of the country origin which will be risk to her[16]. Therefore the applicant should represent the facts where they need to prove that they are staying in Australia or working or studying in Australia. The applicant is also requiring having a health care scheme of Australia. The applicant must have the approval of the Australian citizenship and eligible relatives who have permanent residence in Australia. Under the Migration Law the visa applicant need to pay $35 as the basic application charges who are require to have for the Protection (subclass 866) visas lodged in Australia. The Temporary Protection (subclass 785) visa lodged in Australia will required to pay $1020 as the basic application charges[17]. The Visa applicant can able to apply for the application through electronically. Therefore she needs to apply under the e Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT). The application form should apply within 28 days after the notification by the DIBP. There is another way is applicable for the applicant to apply under the 866 Protection Form. The protection visa application will help to the applicant to lodge the application which will help her to complete the visa processing. She is required to: Lodge application for Protection Visa subclass 866 (XA). This includes an application for a Bridging Visa E[18]. If decision is negative you can sent your application for review to the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT). This must be lodged within 28 after being notified by DIBP of your negative decision[19]. If the RRT decides negatively and there is an error of Law, the case can be appealed to the Federal Circuit Court. If the Federal Court decides there is no error of Law you can request the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection to intervene and grant a visa if you can convince him/her it is in the public interest to do so[20]. According to the case study, Mary wants to get marry with his partner John as per the partner visa. Mary and John both of them are came to Australia with their student visa from different countries. Now John has already has his passport of Regional Employer Nomination (Permanent) (Class RN) subclass 187 but Mary applied according to the Skilled (Provisional) (Class VC) subclass 485 visa which was not proceed. However when they decided to get married each other Mary can apply for the partner visa because John has permanent resident in Australia which is one of the important ground for getting the visa[21]. According to Skilled Regional Professional visa (subclass 489) the applicant should eligible for different requirements which includes the applicant must hold a subclass of 475 or 487 or any Visa and nominated by a state or territory which has Government sponsored by the applicants relative. The applicant must have a relevant occupation and he or she should pass the test and the age which must be under the 45 years[22]. Therefore, when Mary has applied for the skilled visa (subclass 485) then the authority declared it as invalid because she stayed in Australia according to the student visa. Therefore the application for the skilled subclass 485 visa has been denied and declared invalid because the requirements of the visa has not matching with Marys application[23]. Mary need to apply according to the Partner visa subclasses 820 and 801 where the applicant need to fulfill all the terms of the eligibility which include the person should be married or in de facto relationship with and citizen of Australia or an Australian who has permanent residential or any eligible New Zealand citizen. It also include that the marriage should prove the validity under the Australian law which also allow the partners or the applicant to have the parental permission. The partner visa subclasses 820 and 801 provide the provisions of eligibility where the partner of the spouse of the Australian citizen or Australian permanent resident or eligible New Zealand citizen who lives in Australia and the temporary partner visa subclass 801 provides the eligibility which allows the applicant to stay in Australia when the other partner visa is under process[24]. Under the temporary 820 visa the applicant has some particular time until a decision is made according to the perman ent partner visa subclass 801 and if the permanent 801 visa has been allowed for the applicant then he or she can live in Australia for permanently[25]. Here another issue may Mary can face because after her student visa has been expired she should be renew her Visa and apply for the partner visa therefore according to the code of conducts she breaches the rules. Reference Robertson, Shanthi. "Intertwined Mobilities of Education, Tourism and Labour: The Consequences of 417 and 485 Visas in Australia." Unintended Consequences: The impact of migration law and policy (2016): 53. Nagai, Hayato, Pierre Benckendorff, and Aaron Tkaczynski. "Exploring travel risk perceptions among Asian working holiday makers in Australia: A qualitative approach." CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity (2014): 429. Renshaw, Lauren. "Migrating for work and study: The role of the igration broker in facilitating workplace exploitation, human trafficking and slavery." Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 527 (2016): 1. Wright, Chris F., et al. "Economic migration and Australia in the 21st century." (2016). Murphy, Kerry. "Breaking down the 457 visa changes." Eureka Street 27.7 (2017): 8. Wishart, Alison. "Travelling for love: Long distance relationships in Australia." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 5.2-3 (2016): 107-123. Crock, Mary, and IMPALA Consortium. "Law as an agent of social transformation: trends in the legal regulation of migration." Social Transformation and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. 269-282. Crock, Mary, and IMPALA Consortium. "Law as an agent of social transformation: trends in the legal regulation of migration." Social Transformation and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. 269-282.