Sunday, December 29, 2019

Biography of Matilda of Scotland, Wife of Henry I

Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080–May 1, 1118) was a princess of Scotland and later queen of England through her marriage to Henry I. She was a popular queen who presided over an educated and pious court, and she even functioned as queen regent in her husbands stead at times. Fast Facts: Matilda of Scotland Known for:  First wife and queen consort of King Henry I of England and sometimes queen regent, mother of  Empress Matilda/Empress Maud  and grandmother of King Henry IIBorn: c. 1080 in Dunfermline, ScotlandParents: Malcolm III of Scotland, Saint Margaret of ScotlandDied: May 1, 1118 in London, EnglandSpouse:  King Henry I of England (m. 1100–1118) Early Years Matilda was  born around 1080 as the older daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm III and his second wife,  the English princess Margaret later canonized as  Saint Margaret of Scotland.  The royal family had several children: Edward, Edmund of Scotland, Ethelred (became an abbot), three future Scottish kings (Edgar,  Alexander I, and David I), and Mary of Scotland (who married Eustace III of Boulogne, becoming the mother of Matilda of Boulogne who later married King Stephen of England, a nephew of King Henry I of England). Matildas father Malcolm descended from the Scottish royal family, whose brief overthrow inspired Shakespeares Macbeth  (his father was King Duncan). From the age of 6, Matilda and her younger sister Mary were raised under the protection of their aunt Cristina, a nun in the convent at Romsey, England, and later at Wilton. In 1093, Matilda left the convent, and Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, ordered her to return. Matildas family turned down several early marriage proposals for Matilda: from William de Warenne, second Earl of Surrey and Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond. Another rejected proposal, reported by some chroniclers, came from King William II of England. King William II of England died in 1100 and his son Henry quickly seized power, supplanting his older brother through his quick action (a tactic his nephew Stephen would use later to supplant Henrys named heir). Henry and Matilda apparently knew each other already; Henry decided that Matilda would be the most suitable bride for his new kingdom. The Marriage Question Matildas heritage did make her an excellent choice as a bride for Henry I. Her mother was a descendant of King Edmund Ironside, and through him, Matilda was descended from the great Anglo-Saxon king of England, Alfred the Great. Matildas great uncle was Edward the Confessor, so she was also related to the Wessex kings of England. Thus, marriage to Matilda would unite the Norman line to the Anglo-Saxon royal line. The marriage would also ally England and Scotland. However, Matildas years in the convent raised questions of whether she had taken vows as a nun and was thus not free to marry legally. Henry asked Archbishop Anselm for a ruling, and Anselm convened a council of bishops. They heard testimony from Matilda that she had never taken vows, had worn the veil only for protection, and that her stay in the convent had only been for her education. The bishops agreed that Matilda was eligible to marry Henry. Matilda of Scotland and Henry I of England were married at Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1100. At this point, her name was changed from her birth name of Edith to Matilda, by which she is known to history. Matilda and Henry had four children, but only two survived infancy. Matilda, born in 1102, was the elder, but by tradition she was displaced as heir by her younger brother William, who was born the next year. Queen of England Matildas education was valuable in her role as Henrys queen. Matilda served on her husbands council, she was queen  regent when he was traveling, and she often accompanied him on his travels. From 1103 to 1107, the English investiture controversy led to a conflict between church and state over who had the right to appoint (or invest) church officials at the local level. During this time, Matilda served as a mediator between Henry and Archbishop Anselm, eventually helping to resolve the conflict. Her work as regent lives on: to this day, charters and documents signed by Matilda as regent survive. Matilda also commissioned literary works, including a biography of her mother and a history of her family (the latter was completed after her death).  She administered estates that were part of her dower properties and oversaw several architectural projects. In general, Matilda ran a court that valued both culture and religion, and she herself spent a great deal of time on works of charity and compassion. Later Years and Death Matilda lived long enough to see her children make good royal matches. Her daughter Matilda (also known as Maud), was betrothed to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, and she was sent to Germany to be married to him. Maud would later attempt to take the English throne following her fathers death; although she did not succeed, her son did and became Henry II. Matilda and Henrys son William was the heir apparent to his father. He was betrothed to Matilda of Anjou, daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou, in 1113, but died in an accident at sea in 1120. Matilda died on Mary 1, 1118, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. Henry married again but had no other children. He named as his heir his daughter Maud, by that time widow of Emperor Henry V. Henry had his nobles swear fealty to his daughter and then married her to Geoffrey of Anjou, brother of Matilda of Anjou and son of Fulk V. Legacy Matildas legacy lived on through her daughter, who was set to become Englands first reigning queen, but Henrys nephew Stephen seized the throne, and enough barons backed him so that Maud, though she fought for her rights, was never crowned queen. Mauds son eventually succeeded Stephen as Henry II, bringing the descendants of both Norman and Anglo-Saxon kings to the throne. Matilda was remembered as the good queen and Matilda of Blessed Memory. A movement began to have her canonized, but it never actually took shape. Sources Chibnall, Marjorie.  The Empress. Malden, Blackwell Publishers, 1992.Huneycutt, Lois L.  Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Boydell,  2004.â€Å"Matilda of Scotland.†Ã‚  Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia, New World Encyclopedia.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Essay about eating disorder - 1347 Words

Is there a strong connection between the fast food industry and the growing rate of obesity among young children? The answer is yes- fast food consumption is a large contributor to increasing child obesity risks and the effects of long-term health problems in the future. Children are bombarded by fast food advertising on a daily basis which lure them into wanting fast foods in addition to the great taste. The rapid growth of child obesity is in step with the growing fast food chains and market. The realization of this important link is the first step in finding a solution to the growing epidemic of child obesity. A person is considered obese or suffering from obesity when their weight is 20 percent (25 % in women) or more over the maximum†¦show more content†¦Children who eat fast food consume more than those who do not eat fast food. The added consumption leaves less room for important foods like milk, fruits, non-starchy vegetables, and fiber. Children are eating more fast food than ever. â€Å"It is now estimated that children get 10 percent of their total daily calories from fast food, compared to 2 percent in the late 1970s. Additionally, fast food restaurants have doubled in number between 1972 and 1995.† (Ludwig.) â€Å"Billions of dollars are spent each year on fast-food advertising directed at children,† said Dr. David Ludwig, the director of the obesity program at Children’s Hospital Boston. Over the past two decades, America’s leading fast food chains have made marketing alliances with television studios, toy manufacturers and sports leagues. Children are being used to attract adult customers, more profits are made on a family visit rather than a single adult visit. Burger King has joint promotions with the popular â€Å"Rugrats† television show and movie. Wendy’s has teamed up with PlaySkool toys and Sports illustrated for Kids. McDonald’s is in cooperation with numerous toy companies, such as Hasbro, Lego, Mattel and Ty Inc. McDonald’s also shares the biggest alliance with Disney, and with every new movie release there is a happy meal associated with it. Young children are lured in with toys that comeShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eati ng Disorder1205 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders in Today’s World Eating disorders are alive and well in today’s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1184 Words   |  5 Pagesas an eating disorder. 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However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mim ms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders : Ea ting Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affected

Friday, December 13, 2019

Hyundai Strategic Analysis and it’s Business in South Africa Free Essays

Introduction In recent times, it is sure that the importance of marketing research has increased due to serious competition between companies. That is why there are a plenty of method for information research in order to understand the mind of consumer which can be useful to make the plans and strategy for producing of marketing offering needed by consumer. In addition, through the researching of marketing, the company can build up the priority way to be connected in terms of closes between company and consumer. We will write a custom essay sample on Hyundai Strategic Analysis and it’s Business in South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, most of companies in the world have tried to concentrate on the marketing area by investing a lot of money to investigate for gaining specific information which affects to increase a profit. In this essay, Firstly, the organisation selected is the company of Hyundai Motor. Secondly, target market is South Africa. (sourse:www.autoblog.com/media/2006/06/hyundai.jpg) What is the Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) is one of the most competitive companies in Korea. From 1960s to the early 1980s, Korean government supported automobile industry through special policies and laws like ‘Automobile Industry Protection Law’ and ‘A Long term Plan to Promote the Automobile industry’ in order to boost the economy after the Korean War(1950-1953). While developing continuously with this support, HMC started to export their technique and products to other countries. Their first export was carried out in 1980s in Quebec, Canada. However, their first attempt was unsuccessful closing their plant rather early and struggled to succeed again in India in 1998. Now, HMC is a global company which could survive among other companies in competitive relation: KIA and DAEWOO during economic recession and has continued to develop from both inside and outside of Korea. (A review by Russell et al. 2006) South Africa and consumer (Target Market) According to the table it can be seen below, it show that the growth of rating of economy in South Africa has developed rapidly. It means that for motor company the South African can be consumer marketing area to get a profit. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa) In addition, South Africa has launched a programme called ‘Black Economy Empowerment’, since 1994. This programme is aimed at promote the Black People who have more disadvantages relatively under the circumstance of apartheid economically. Despite some criticism on this programme, it plays a crucial role in developing South Africa’s economy. To be concrete, it encourages companies being run by black owners, especially the Petroleum and Liquid Fuels (PLF) and Mining industry to achieve economic growth within some years. (A reviewed by Stefano Ponte et al 2007) With this series of economic strategy, South Africa has founded more growing economic system and increasing the black people’s right gradually. From this information, it can be known that the quality of life style of Black People in South Africa among Africa is developing due to policy of government which support Black People. As a result, the people supported by BEE policy might have became middle class who get a confidence economically and the ability to buy products. Briefly, it can be said that this group can be great market if the HMC is aimed at there. I20 Hyundai car (market offering) In mind of consumer, it is sure that the extent of safety of product is main issue. I20 is the motor produced which is one of the most safeties cars in Hyundai motor company. I20 contains of both the condition of safety and modern design including superb interior made from material which feel people comfortable. I20 is the prestigious European National Car Assessment Programme 5 star which proves the quality of safety. In addition, it is cheaper than other motor companies. (I20 may be required http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131438.html , no date) It will be able to have a competitiveness of product to survive in business market if it is sold in South Africa. However, the Hyundai motor company need to have other market strategy for getting more powerful endurance. One example is that they put specific brand image and soul into I20 by using advertisement and giving people t-shirt drawn the picture and logo of I20 to connect with consumer. In c onclusion, it should reach on the target group who became middle class in South Africa who has economical ability because of BEE policy established in time of Nelson Mandela. In addition, it should be focus on group which has educated under parent affected by BEE. They get a sense of selecting the car designed as modern and up to date and elegant. (Source: Http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRF/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131453) Primary data and Secondary data Generally, there are three types of information the company can obtain: Internal data, Marketing intelligence, and Marketing research. (The view proposed by Philip Kotler 2010 P.126-131).Three kind of information can be divided into two methods: Primary data, and Secondary data. Basically, the primary data is related to marketing research. Secondary data also is connected to marketing intelligence and internal data. When it comes to the principle of marketing, the mean of primary can be classified as ‘it consists of information gathered for the special research plan’. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.131) The secondary data can be defined as ‘it consists of information that already exists somewhere having been collected for another purpose’. Philip Kotler 2010 P.131) Secondary data can be consists of two sorts of source: internal source and external sources. Examples of internal source are company reports, previous company research, salesperson feedback and customer feedback. The examples of external source are the published research, trade organisation, syndicated research and government source. Primary data collection is divided into four types of collection: research approaches, contact methods and sampling plan and research instrument. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133-142) Firstly, the research approaches consists of four types of researches: observational research, ethnographic research, survey research and experimental research. The observational research can be the technique to collect the primary data by observing the people in term of action and circumstance. The ethnographic research is to use the professional discover for understanding of natural the environment of consumer. The survey of research is generally the most useful skills for knowing of knowledge and attitude and preference. The experimental research is of collection general information. When it comes to contact method in a marketing research, generally, it is linked to the way of online to pick up the thought of consumer. The benefits of contact method by online are that it is cheap and speed. The representati ve examples of contact Methods are Mail and Telephone and personal interviewing. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.135) According to principle of marketing, the definition of sample can be determined as ‘a segment of the population selected for marketing research to represent the population as a whole.’ (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139) In order to use this tactics, first of all, the company should consider who people to be selected for survey are. In addition it should be took into account how many people will be research as well as how the people can be chosen. Furthermore, the research instrument is questionnaires that it is general way by using phone and online. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139-142) What is the benefit of primary data? Basically, there are advantages and disadvantages both primary data and secondary data. Compared with primary data, there are a number of secondary data so that it can be of use for the company faced with problem, indicating a way for overcoming of problem with developing of the understanding of problem. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) However, there are some problems in a secondary data up to whether its information is relevant with problem of company or not. Therefore it is necessary for the company to consider the extent of relevant, accurate, up to date and impartial with the problem faced with company. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133) On the other hand, the main benefit of primary data is to get the information for target group in the time of makeing new products, which affect the company get competitiveness for winning against competitive company. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) In addition, this method will become the protection of wall for loss of profit by preparing the situation carried out. From the primary data, the company can obtain fulfilling conditions of information in term of accurate, up to date, relevant. (Source:http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/index.htm) The conclusion For company both secondary data and primary data should be need. Even though the cost of making of primary data is expensive but help the company to succeed against competitive company. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) For improving of marketing research skill, firstly, the company has to define what the problem is and the target marketing is. In addition, should be created new idea what the market place is and the target consumer is as well as considering of which product the consumer want to buy. If company build up the creative strategy for specific target market with consumer, it will be able to succeed. Bibliography RUSSELL D. LANSBURY*, SEUNG-HO KWON** CHUNGSOK SUH (2006) ‘Globalization and Employment Relations in the Korean Auto Industry: The Case of the Hyundai Motor Company in Korea, Canada and India’ Vol. 12, No. 2, 131–147, EBSCO (Online), available at (assessed: April 2006) Stefano Ponte, Simon Roberts and Lance van Sittert (2007) ‘Black Economic Empowerment’, Business and the State in South Vol. 38, Issue 5, p933-955. 23p. EBSCO (Online), (assessed: ep2007) Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong 2010 Principle of Marketing, Thirteenth Edition, p 126-142.PEARSON http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html (no date and Author) http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131438.html (No date and Author) http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/index.htm Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa [/level-freee-rstricted] How to cite Hyundai Strategic Analysis and it’s Business in South Africa, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Intertwined Mobilities of Education Law †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Intertwined Mobilities of Education Law. Answer: Introduction: The 417 Working Holiday Visa (Subclass 417) is one of the common temporary visa systems for the young people who comes for holiday and grab the permission for working in Australia. They are allowed to have the work permit for 1 year where the visa helps to encourage them in the cultural exchanges and become more close with the Australia and the eligible country of the visa holders. Here according to the case study, Steven who is about 28 years old arrived in Australia from United Kingdom has already a 417 Working Holiday Visa. After completing the Regional Australia he is required apply for the second time for 417 Working Holiday Visa. When the visa holder of the 417 Working Holiday Visa (Subclass 417) is applying for the second working visa then the applicant should present in the Australia. If someone applies for the second time visa application then he or she should be in the outside of the Australia. In this visa permit they are required at least 6 months of working experience in Australia. There are some important requirements which need to fulfill by the visa applicant[1]. Those are: The applicant should complete the age of between 18 to 30 years old There should have a valid passport which includes at least 6 months of passport renewal. The applicant also needs to have enough funds which will help the applicant for supporting own self. At the time of first visa he or she needs to complete the minimum of 3 months or 88 days of specified work which is mentioned in the visa application under the regional Australia[2]. The visa applicant should have the proper health and character approval certificates. The applicant should have not any records of the substantial criminal conviction. The applicant should not have any records of any major substantial medical issues[3]. The applicant also not has applied for the Australia on a Work and Holiday (462) visa in previously. The visa application is not applied for the dependent children when they are staying in Australia. When the visa holder of the 417 Working Holiday Visa is applying for the second working visa then the applicant should present in the Australia and if not then the applicant must not apply more than 12 months before the applicant travel to Australia. The Visa condition of 8547 defines that the visa holder should not be employed for more than 6 months under one employer without the written permission of the Secretary[4]. The Visa condition of 8548 defines that the visa holder should not enter or engaged for more than 4 months with any education organization for studying and training[5]. When the students come to Australia for having a full time educational training or studying in a registered educational institution then the student need to apply for a Student Visa (subclass 500). The requirements for the valid application for a student visa subclass 500 are: The applicant must provide the proper evidence for the enrolment of their application lodgment[6]. The visa applicant needs to complete the health testing as per the process of the visa application[7]. The applicant should have the integrity measures under the genuine temporary entrant (GTE) where it helps to the student for complete the visa program. The applicant should have proper evidence where the =y are bound to prove the evidence of recent employment. If the visa applicant is in under the 18 years of age then it will not allow to process. However, the parents will apply the application form of 1229. Along with the form they are also requires having proper accommodation and welfare arrangements. When the applicant is dependent school enrolment then the enrolment in one of the Australian school is required. The applicant must have proper knowledge of English and the applicant also required to give test of IELTS, TOEFL, PTE, CAE, and OET where the required score will help to get the visa[8]. The applicant also requires having enough of capital capacity where he or she will able to pay the cost of education in Australia. The dependent applicants family members should have a combined Student visa application for joining the main applicant to staying in Australia. According to the student visa the parents can stay in Australia unto 3 months and if they are intended to stay for more that 3 months then they are required having their own visa. The visa applicant must have the adequate health insurance while they will stay in Australia. The Overseas Student Heath Cover helps to provide the health insurance for the visa applicant[9]. According to the Australian visa system Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462) provide the solutions for the applicant whenever they are travelling to Australia for the holiday purposes and want to involve in work for a temporary purposes then the visa holder should apply for the work permit and along with the holiday get the legislation of Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462). The visa application helps the visa holder to stay in Australia for at least 1 year to work harder and in between this time and work together[10]. The visa helps to the visa holders to the visa helps to encourage them in the cultural exchanges and become more close with the Australia and the eligible country of the visa holders[11]. Therefore under the Class FA subclass 600 Tourist Stream Visa when Pippy applied then it was only providing him for the tourist visa purposes. However, when he was having the shortage of money then he tried to work in a local caf. However, it breaches the rules of the 600 Tourist visa. While he can apply for the Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462) which provide him the work permit along with the holidays permission for up to 1 year. When they are applying for the visa the applicant need to complete the age of 18 30 years and should carry a valid passport. The visa application should have at least 6 months of renewal of the visa application. It allows a visa holder to stay up to 12 months and work permits of up to 6 months under the employees[12]. According to the Code of Conduct the Registered Migration Agents are entitled to follow the rules where they will involved with the fair ethical conducts. The Migration Agents Registration Authority (MARA) provide the regulation of the migration process where the migration agents are works according to the self regulation. Therefore it is the duty of the migration agents that will work with their client with a fair conducts and diligence of their duties. They must work according to the law where it provide the legislation of the registered migration agents[13]. Now if the migration agent provides any invalid application then he will breach the Code of Conducts. According to the Code of Conduct the migration agent must not involved in any activities where they ever involved with any illegal or unethical activities while they are appointed as the migration agent under the migration law. Providing a wrong application in the migration visa process is breach the duties of the code of the conduct[14]. The migration agents are not make any statement in the support of the application which is believe as that they are misleading or deceptive the government authority which is against of the Code of Conducts according to the Migration Law. Therefore, they are not engage in any false or misleading advertising which make the punishment for them. However if it was found that the migration agent is submitting any wrong application on the government authority then they will take legal obligation against the migration agent. Protection Class XA Subclass 866 Protection Visa provides the visa to the applicant who wants to take the permanent resident in Australia. The applicant should fulfill the requirements which include: The person should require for the protection under the Australian government who can be stay in the defacto relation or marry any person. The person can be recognizing as the refugee under the Australian Law. According to the race, religion, political opinion, nationality or must belong from any particular social group[15]. The applicant need to prove that there is any emergency requirements for the removal of the country origin which will be risk to her[16]. Therefore the applicant should represent the facts where they need to prove that they are staying in Australia or working or studying in Australia. The applicant is also requiring having a health care scheme of Australia. The applicant must have the approval of the Australian citizenship and eligible relatives who have permanent residence in Australia. Under the Migration Law the visa applicant need to pay $35 as the basic application charges who are require to have for the Protection (subclass 866) visas lodged in Australia. The Temporary Protection (subclass 785) visa lodged in Australia will required to pay $1020 as the basic application charges[17]. The Visa applicant can able to apply for the application through electronically. Therefore she needs to apply under the e Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT). The application form should apply within 28 days after the notification by the DIBP. There is another way is applicable for the applicant to apply under the 866 Protection Form. The protection visa application will help to the applicant to lodge the application which will help her to complete the visa processing. She is required to: Lodge application for Protection Visa subclass 866 (XA). This includes an application for a Bridging Visa E[18]. If decision is negative you can sent your application for review to the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT). This must be lodged within 28 after being notified by DIBP of your negative decision[19]. If the RRT decides negatively and there is an error of Law, the case can be appealed to the Federal Circuit Court. If the Federal Court decides there is no error of Law you can request the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection to intervene and grant a visa if you can convince him/her it is in the public interest to do so[20]. According to the case study, Mary wants to get marry with his partner John as per the partner visa. Mary and John both of them are came to Australia with their student visa from different countries. Now John has already has his passport of Regional Employer Nomination (Permanent) (Class RN) subclass 187 but Mary applied according to the Skilled (Provisional) (Class VC) subclass 485 visa which was not proceed. However when they decided to get married each other Mary can apply for the partner visa because John has permanent resident in Australia which is one of the important ground for getting the visa[21]. According to Skilled Regional Professional visa (subclass 489) the applicant should eligible for different requirements which includes the applicant must hold a subclass of 475 or 487 or any Visa and nominated by a state or territory which has Government sponsored by the applicants relative. The applicant must have a relevant occupation and he or she should pass the test and the age which must be under the 45 years[22]. Therefore, when Mary has applied for the skilled visa (subclass 485) then the authority declared it as invalid because she stayed in Australia according to the student visa. Therefore the application for the skilled subclass 485 visa has been denied and declared invalid because the requirements of the visa has not matching with Marys application[23]. Mary need to apply according to the Partner visa subclasses 820 and 801 where the applicant need to fulfill all the terms of the eligibility which include the person should be married or in de facto relationship with and citizen of Australia or an Australian who has permanent residential or any eligible New Zealand citizen. It also include that the marriage should prove the validity under the Australian law which also allow the partners or the applicant to have the parental permission. The partner visa subclasses 820 and 801 provide the provisions of eligibility where the partner of the spouse of the Australian citizen or Australian permanent resident or eligible New Zealand citizen who lives in Australia and the temporary partner visa subclass 801 provides the eligibility which allows the applicant to stay in Australia when the other partner visa is under process[24]. Under the temporary 820 visa the applicant has some particular time until a decision is made according to the perman ent partner visa subclass 801 and if the permanent 801 visa has been allowed for the applicant then he or she can live in Australia for permanently[25]. Here another issue may Mary can face because after her student visa has been expired she should be renew her Visa and apply for the partner visa therefore according to the code of conducts she breaches the rules. Reference Robertson, Shanthi. "Intertwined Mobilities of Education, Tourism and Labour: The Consequences of 417 and 485 Visas in Australia." Unintended Consequences: The impact of migration law and policy (2016): 53. Nagai, Hayato, Pierre Benckendorff, and Aaron Tkaczynski. "Exploring travel risk perceptions among Asian working holiday makers in Australia: A qualitative approach." CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity (2014): 429. Renshaw, Lauren. "Migrating for work and study: The role of the igration broker in facilitating workplace exploitation, human trafficking and slavery." Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 527 (2016): 1. Wright, Chris F., et al. "Economic migration and Australia in the 21st century." (2016). Murphy, Kerry. "Breaking down the 457 visa changes." Eureka Street 27.7 (2017): 8. Wishart, Alison. "Travelling for love: Long distance relationships in Australia." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 5.2-3 (2016): 107-123. Crock, Mary, and IMPALA Consortium. "Law as an agent of social transformation: trends in the legal regulation of migration." Social Transformation and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. 269-282. Crock, Mary, and IMPALA Consortium. "Law as an agent of social transformation: trends in the legal regulation of migration." Social Transformation and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. 269-282.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

3 Clumsy Compositions

3 Clumsy Compositions 3 Clumsy Compositions 3 Clumsy Compositions By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, awkward syntax results in a distractingly clunky flow that obstructs comprehension. Discussion and revision of each example tells and shows how to make the statements flow more smoothly. 1. They wanted to evolve the organization beyond its roots as a traditional hospital network with success measured by occupancy, or â€Å"heads in beds.† When an informal word or phrase used as a synonym for a more formal term appears, the coinage often follows the standard term as an appositive (a term equivalent to an adjacent term), which is illogical- why introduce the slang term after using the official one, when, whether it appears again or not, it seems immediately redundant? The only sensible reason to use both synonyms is to first introduce an informal term that will subsequently reappear in the piece of content, then gloss (briefly define) it with the formal term; thereafter, when readers encounter the term again, they will have already been informed of its meaning: â€Å"They wanted to evolve the organization beyond its roots as a traditional hospital network with success measured by ‘heads in beds,’ or occupancy.† 2. The issue has been under the spotlight in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Monetary Authority spokesperson John Chang commented on its response last week. In this sentence, â€Å"Hong Kong† is awkwardly repeated in immediate succession, separated only by a period, which makes it difficult to read. The phrase describing John Chang’s affiliation is easily relocated to follow his name, a solution recommended in general when such a description is extensive: â€Å"The issue has been under the spotlight in Hong Kong. John Chang, a spokesperson for the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, commented on its response last week.† 3. The customer risk rating calculation methodology should be adjusted to take into account any heightened risk of financial crime. The adjectival cluster that precedes methodology is awkward because all the words in that string are nouns serving as adjectives, and the reader can easily become frustrated about having to haltingly read the phrase while trying to parse where the phrasal adjective ends. The technically correct solution is to hyphenate the string, but the result is unwieldy. Better yet, relax the sentence to reduce the number of elements in the phrasal adjective: â€Å"The methodology for calculating customer-risk rating should be adjusted to take into account any heightened risk of financial crime.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Disappointed + PrepositionUsing "May" in a Question

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Literature Research Paper Writing A Complete Guide

Literature Research Paper Writing A Complete Guide All literature assignments can be roughly subdivided into research and non-research papers; however, many students seem to have trouble fully understanding the difference between them, so let’s clarify things a bit. The scope of a non-research paper is limited to the text it deals with – it is all about this text, your writing abilities and your skills as the reader of the said text. Depending on how well you manage to analyze it, how well you are acquainted with literary theory, other works of the same author and the authors of the same period and so on, you will write a better or worse paper. A research paper includes all this, but also much more. It covers all the discussions held about the text in question ever since it was written and many things that may not seem to be immediately relevant. In a sense, it is your contribution to a conversation between scholars that may have started long before you were born and won’t be over for centuries to come. You are not just the reader of the text, but also its historian, you study it not in isolation but in connection with other texts, historical period it was written it, the entire body of research about it and so on. This boils down to the following: in order to write a research paper about a work of literature you have to study not just the text but also books and articles by many other people, and be ready for your own paper to be read and criticized by others. The very nature of an academic research paper presupposes it being reviewed by peers, so you should write it while keeping in mind potential counter-arguments and objections. This literature research paper guide will help you learn how to do it. Stage 1: Choose a Topic One of the primary purposes of literature research papers is to teach you how to think independently and carry out your own research as a part of scholarly community. As a result, you will usually not be limited in your freedom of choice when it comes to selecting topics. Even if the assignment seems to be pretty rigid to begin with, usually you can discuss it with your instructor and arrange for something a bit more convenient. Here are some useful principles you should follow when making your choice: Choose something you know. By selecting a text you are well familiar with you already eliminate a huge part of work you would otherwise have to do. It is even better if the text in question is not among those usually chosen for analysis. For example, if you happen to have read and liked Till We Have Faces by C.S. Lewis, you can safely choose it as the basis of your research paper. The topic won’t be overloaded by existing research that will make it hard for you to write anything without unintentionally plagiarizing somebody’s work, but at the same time there will be just enough research to build your argument on. The same goes for any other less mainstream book; Once you’ve defined the general direction of your research, refine and narrow it down. On university level, you cannot merely discuss a work of literature in general – it would be more of a book review than a research paper. You should select an aspect of this work and dig deep into it, looking for support for your point of view among other researchers and finding proof both in the text itself and outside it; Turn your topic into a question – it doesn’t necessarily have to be the title of your work, you do it for your own sake. If there is no implied question in your topic, there is nothing to write about. For example, if the topic of your research paper is the theme of orphancy in the works by Charles Dickens, the question you imply to be answering may be â€Å"What does Dickens’ attention to orphancy stem from†? You should end up with a topic that has a number of specific characteristics: It isn’t too broad – you should concentrate your attention on a narrow area to be able to say something new about it; It isn’t too narrow – otherwise you won’t have much room for maneuver; It should have an existing body of literature covering it – all research papers exist only in connection with other peer-reviewed works. You cannot present viable academic argument without backing it up with existing research – which means that you have to take care of finding information sources even before you start writing. Here are some examples that can help you get the right idea: Robert Lewis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as an Allegory of a Man’s Struggle to Contain Primal Instincts; Reflection of 18th Century England in Johnathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels; The Idea of Freedom in the Poems by Lord Byron; The Concept of Struggle for Survival in the Works by Jack London; The Role of George Orwell’s 1984 in the Creation of Modern Dystopian Literature. Stage 2: Thesis Statement Your thesis statement contains the general point of your paper confined in a single sentence. Sometimes two sentences, but if you need more space to give the reader the idea of what is most important in your research paper, you probably spread yourself too thin and have to make your writing more focused. Make sure you understand that you not just state the topic of your paper here, as thesis statement is quite different from it. A topic is the area you research, it is what you study, there may be no two minds about what you write here. A thesis statement states what you try to prove in your writing. For example, The Image of a Dystopian Society in George Orwell’s 1984 is a topic. However, a thesis statement for the paper with such topic would be â€Å"George Orwell’s 1984 lies at the foundation of the entire modern genre of dystopian science fiction and has a greater influence on it than any other single work†. When writing your thesis statement, make sure to keep to these ideals: Brevity – express your main idea in as few words as possible; Clearness – don’t leave any ambiguity; Relevance – don’t go into unnecessary detail. If something isn’t absolutely necessary to drive your point across, get rid of it. Stage 3: Sources Any literature research paper is based on two types of sources: your primary text (the one your paper is about) and secondary sources of information (critical works, research papers from peer-reviewed journals, books and so on). The primary text you have in front of you from the very beginning, and a significant portion of your quotations and references should come from it. As for secondary sources, you should find them – and the best way to do so is to use tools specifically designed for that purpose. Academic search engines like Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, EBSCO, JSTOR and many others can be of enormous help, especially if you don’t know much about the topic of your research. They not only help you find dozens of relevant sources of information on your chosen topic in a matter of minutes, but also provide all the data necessary to define their relative value (where they have been published, how many times they have been referred to in other peer-reviewed papers, have their authors written other works on similar topics and so on). Before choosing any work as a source, go through the following checklist: Who is its author? Is he an expert on the text in question? Has he written other works on similar topics before or since? Is this article related in any way to other works by the same author? Is the author biased? Are there any signs of an agenda in his writing (overly emotional language, mishandling or concealment of facts, obvious confirmation bias? What is the purpose of the article – is it aimed to provide information or to convince the reader of something? Where was the source published? Does the publisher have any sponsors of affiliations that may influence its objectivity? Does the publisher take responsibility for all the content it publishes? How reliable is the information presented in the source? Does the author provide enough viable evidence to back up his claims? Can these claims be verified? What are the sources the author refers to? Are they trustworthy? What is the publication date? Does the source contain up-to-date information? Was there any other relevant researched published since then that may influence the credibility of the source? Stage 4: Outline Simply put, an outline is a plan of your paper. How you write it fully depends on your preferences: it may be as detailed or as superficial as you are comfortable with. You may do with a few words covering the most important points of every segment or write detailed subplans for each stage of your paper. Just make sure you write down everything you are going to need so that you don’t forget anything when the time comes. Stage 5: Writing How you write is a matter of your style and your approach to work, but some principles are universal and should be followed by all students. Never ever resort to plagiarism. Plagiarism is any use of another writer’s work without acknowledgement, passing it as your own. It has always been a bad idea, but taking into account how easy it is today to run a plagiarism check on any paper, it is suicidal. Being caught plagiarizing can even lead to your expulsion, so make sure you don’t do it accidentally – for example, by forgetting to put a phrase into brackets or to mention the source; Combine long and short sentences. One can sometimes hear a recommendation to keep all sentences about the same length (usually 20 to 30 words), but it makes your writing look monotonous and repetitive even if it isn’t. So try to vary sentence length, using a few shorter sentences for every longer one; Limit yourself to one point or idea per paragraph. Every paragraph should more or less follow the same structure: introduction of a point, one or more pieces of evidence to back it up, transitional phrase to lead up to the next paragraph; Be ready to write more than one draft of your paper. Sometimes mistakes become obvious only after you’ve written the better part of your assignment, and sometimes they are serious enough to require a full rewrite of at least some parts of a paper. Stage 6: Revision and Proofreading Many students believe that once the last line is written, their work is finished; or at least that they’ve done with the biggest part of their assignment. However, to write an outstanding research paper, you should pay as much attention to revision and proofreading as you did to the rest of your work combined – it is the part of your job that can make or break you. Give yourself some time for the paper to settle down in your mind before you start proofreading. Then go over it with this checklist in hand: Cover sheet – is it formatted correctly? Introduction – is it interesting enough to attract and keep the reader’s attention? Conclusion – does it sum up all the points mentioned in the body paragraphs? Do you present all your points clearly in the body paragraphs? Are your arguments presented in a logical sequence? Do you support all your points with viable evidence? Do you meticulously cite all the sources, even the ones you don’t cite directly? Does your paper read clearly for its entire length? Are there proper transitions between paragraphs and larger parts? Is grammar and syntax in order? Does your literature research paper conform to the word limit? If your paper holds up under the barrage of such questions, you may be reasonably sure that it doesn’t need significant changes. However, it may be a good idea to ask somebody else to read it and give their independent opinion. We hope that the next time you have to write a literature research paper you will be better equipped thanks to these literature research paper writing tips – make sure to follow them closely!

Thursday, November 21, 2019

History of the Catholic Church on the Death penalty and How it Changed Research Paper

History of the Catholic Church on the Death penalty and How it Changed Over Time - Research Paper Example In the early days of Christianity, death penalty however was favored by the Church as asserted by St. Augustine. During Catholicism’s infancy, it was viewed as a way of deterring the commission of sins and a means to protect the innocent from the wicked. Thomas Aquinas during the Middle Age upheld this view on the death penalty that the state does only have the right, but is also duty bound to protect its flock from its enemies both from within and without the Church (Book 3, Chapter 146). At that time, it was thought that dispensing such punishment is not a sin for it is the justice of God that is being carried out. Such, it is only proper then that by removing evil from society will preserve the good. Such that, evil men that undermines and is an impediment of the common good should be removed from the society of men through death. Many passages of the Holy Bible were used to justify this early position of the Catholic Church on the death penalty. While it was commanded that â€Å"thou shall not commit murder†, it was argued in I Peter (2, 13-14) that thou should â€Å"be subjected therefore to every human creature for God's sake: whether to be on the king as excelling, or to governors as sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and for the praise of good†. ... During the same time, especially on the First Crusade in 1095, the Catholic Church, through Pope Urban II implied the penalty of death penalty to non-Christians when it encouraged the retaking of the Holy Land by force. As a result, Jews and Muslims alike were killed in the process for being non-Catholics. Death penalty was also used as a political weapon against its dissenters on its colony especially in the South East Asia. At the time when Spain invaded through the use of the Cross and Sword an unknown island in East known today as the Philippines (after King Philip of Spain), death penalty was used against those who call for secession from Spain. For more than 300 years (1565-1898), the death penalty was used against political enemy by pressuring the Governor General who then ruled the archipelago But circumstances and time change and so did the position of the Catholic Church on the death penalty. Despite of its previous position on the death penalty, the Catholic Church is now one of the most fervent advocates of the abolition of the death penalty. Whilst before it find necessary to remove the wicked to protect the innocent through death, it now calls for a deeper respect for the human life and that position even transcended even to the unborn. Recent position of the Catholic Church about death penalty changed to the abrogation of the death penalty. One of the Church’s recent Pope who was vocal against the imposition of death penalty was Karol Wojtila or Pope John Paul II. â€Å"During his tenure, the news media devoted substantial, even inordinate, attention to John Paul’s pronouncements on abortion, divorce, gay rights, the death penalty, euthanasia, human cloning, and other controversial topics† (Mulligan, 2006). †The Holy See has consistently sought the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Towar Sustainability Tourism in the republic of Cyprus Term Paper

Towar Sustainability Tourism in the republic of Cyprus - Term Paper Example Indeed, various communities rely on tourism to bring economic growth and stability into the community. Nevertheless, many people overlook the potential and environmental impact that tourism brings to a society. In fact, various confirm that many of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) engage in unsustainable tourism development, which generates irreversible and adverse effects that lead to social, cultural, and environmental challenges on the reference economy. Nevertheless, various communities and governmental agencies like European Union and United Nations agencies have been trying to promote sustainable tourism development across the world. However, the LCDs manifest lack of concern to these interventions to lack of knowledge and commitment towards sustainable tourism development and hence the continued unsustainable tourism development. Notably, tourism activities in Cyprus are prone to these dynamics. The republic of Cyprus is a dominant tourist destination because it is seemingly lo cated between three continents where it is at the top right hand corner of the Mediterranean and it is very close to Europe, Asia, and Africa. Before the contemporary development and planning of tourism, the republic of Cyprus had many tourism activities but it was yet to reach maximum development (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). Indeed, there were more than 21,000 visitor arrivals and 4000 beds between 5 towns in Cyprus (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). The Cyprus Tourism Organisation is responsible for the tourist planning and research and the development and marketing of the tourist product in Cyprus (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013). Established in 1969 by the Republic of Cyprus, the Cyprus Tourism Organisation (CTO) is a statutory body whose main aim was to organize and promote tourism in the Republic of Cyprus, by using all possibilities and resources available (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). The CTO does not offer travel agent services but focuses on offering assistance to professional bodies, companies and individuals who have an interest in Cyprus' tourism with an overall goal of enhancing economic growth in Cyprus (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013). Indeed, the CTO had a policy that consistently aimed at attracting high and middle-income visitors to the exclusion of mass tourism (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). Another body that regulated tourism in Cyprus is the Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry, and Tourism. This ministry had a mandate of formulating and implementing Government policy on matters pertaining to trade, industry, tourism, and Consumer, in such a way that it will contribute positively towards the further development of the Cyprus economy and the well-being of the population of the island (Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism, 2013). The factors affecting tourism activities in Cyprus include the Turkish invasion that occurred in 1974 placing a hold on all economic activity in Cyprus. The invasion sought to divide Cyprus in to two b y invoking the Treatee of Guarantee (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). This jeopardized tourism development in Cyprus as the island lost a huge part of its territory as well as its potential in manufacturing and agriculture. Indeed, there was a closure of most accommodation, entertainment, and catering buildings as well as airports, which limited access top various place in Cyprus (Harrison & Husbands, 1996). This lowered the tourist levels and forced the government to consider

Monday, November 18, 2019

Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Epidemiology - Essay Example In contrast, absolute measures, computed as a difference rather than a ratio, produce estimates with quite different interpretations. a) The type of misclassification portrayed in this case study is non- differential and random. The same misclassification occurs in the same proportion in each group. The percentage unto which the cases were underestimated is the same percentage, which the controls were over estimated. These leads to an underestimation of the true association hence the true association cannot be established. A relative risk ratio of more than one indicates that the occurrence of the event at hand is more likely to the experimental group than the control group. This misclassification reduced the relative risk ratio hence reducing the likelihood of the event occurring to the experimental group. This means underestimating the true association. b. Outcome variables of a study are measurements of population’s current status which might include mean, mode and median of continuous counts of measurements for example radio frequency exposure in megahertz, age, duration of exposure of radiation in hours and type of phone used. c. Study factors (exposures): cellular phone calls radio frequency measure by the kind of phone used, the duration of use and the ear use to receive the call. The second factor is brain tumor measured by anatomical area of the tumor. 2. a. The participation rate in this study is the percentage of the total number targeted that participated in the study =2899/3234*100=89.64%. The high participation rate is one of the characteristic of a good epidemiologic study. This implies that the results of the study are highly representative of the actual population. b. Response rate in survey research refers to the ratio of number of people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of a

Friday, November 15, 2019

Finance in an SME Context

Finance in an SME Context In this vast realm of corporate entanglement across the world, people all over the world are getting their various ways to earn their livelihood (Berk, DeMarzo, 2017). This entanglement to the corporate world takes different forms of which the SME (Small Medium Enterprise) is one. Alike the other forms of business organizations, SMEs have their own types of accounting finance analyses. Through different investment appraisal techniques, an SME firm can evaluate choose investment projects. The financing of the projects is done generally by the internal financial sources. SMEs encompass the whole business world. They are the largest economic sector in the UK. Because of the SMEs popularity, more people are coming up with newer ideas to start an SME. When it comes to analyzing the performance of any business for a specific accounting period, the ratios or the accounting ratios are the most widely used tools (Cassedy, 2014). Among the various ratios, the most common ones are those that are used to figure out liquidity, profitability, efficiency etc. From the given data of the concerned company Trainline, the following six ratios have been used to analyze the performance of the company: Net Profit Margin: Profitability of a firm shows, to some extent, the firms performance position throughout any particular period (Cassedy, 2014). To figure out profitability, there can be many ratios, out of which Net Profit Margin (NPM) is a reliable one, since the NPM takes into account all the operating expenses all the operating income thus resulting in the net profit figure the firm has at the end of any period. Trainline company enjoyed the highest profit in 2014. NPM can be calculated through dividing the net profit of any period by the net sales of that period. Following is the position of Trainline as calculated using NPM formula: Date March 03, 2012 March 02, 2013 March 01, 2014 February 28, 2015 March 05, 2016 Net Profit Margin 0.13 0.10 0.18 0.15 0.12 Gross Profit Margin: The Gross Profit Margin (GPM) is also a ratio for calculating the profitability of any firm. The difference between the NPM the GPM is that the latter one does not consider operating expenses (Cassedy, 2014). Gross profit margin shows the performance of the firm based on the firms capacity of first level activity or the main way through which Trainline earns profit. Though not that much reliable as net profit margin, it is easy to calculate. Trainline experienced similar percentage of gross profit over the years. The formula to figure out gross profit of Trainline is given below: Date March 03, 2012 March 02, 2013 March 01, 2014 February 28, 2015 March 05, 2016 Gross Profit Margin 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% Inventory Turnover: According to Clark, Baker, (2011), There are several accounting ratios that help investors, creditors or any other stakeholders to figure out how much a company is efficient in selling its products in stock or inventory, i.e. inventory turnover period shows the companys ability to use the inventory perfectly. The fact of multiplying the ratio with 365 is that it shows in how many days the firm is able to go on a cycle of inventory management (Clark, Baker, 2011). Through this measure, stakeholders are also able to find out the return on assets. Trainline company shows consistent performance in the years 2012, 2013, in 2014, but the company faced declining results in 2015 2016. Date March 03, 2012 March 02, 2013 March 01, 2014 February 28, 2015 March 05, 2016 Inventory Turnover Period 0.598039216 0.591800494 0.561754521 0.329632384 0.24692301 Return on Capital Employed: The Return on Capital Employed is measure that shows a companys productivity in making appropriate use of the assets net of long term liabilities or the capital employed. The ratio provides information of the firms ability to use the invested amount (Clark, Baker, 2011). ROCE, often times, is the most popular tool to see potential in any company. It is calculated through dividing net profit of the company by capital employed. Here, for the calculation of Trainlines ROCE, the intangible assets have been deducted. The following table graph show the results of Trainline over the years in terms of ROCE along with the formula: Date March 03, 2012 March 02, 2013 March 01, 2014 February 28, 2015 March 05, 2016 Return on Capital Employed 0.169982548 0.422774021 1.141914376 1.092703315 1.518949954 Current Ratio: When it comes to finding out the liquidity of any business organization, the Current ratio is one of the prominent ones (Clark, Baker, 2011). It shows how much capable Trainline company is in paying back its current liabilities using its current assets. Suppliers are the most frequent users of this ratio. Current ratio is calculated through dividing current assets of any accounting period by the current liabilities of that particular period. Current ratio is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. The standard benchmark for current ratio is 1. If the current ratio is above 1, then its good, but if the ratio falls below 1, then its not good the firm should focus on dealing with this. Trainline was consistent performed well over the years in paying back its short-term liabilities using its current assets. Date March 03, 2012 March 02, 2013 March 01, 2014 February 28, 2015 March 05, 2016 Current Ratio 1.59 1.86 1.18 1.41 1.21 Acid Test Ratio: The Acid Test Ratio is also a measure to figure out the liquidity of any firm. It is more reliable than the current ratio, since it deducts stock or inventories from the current assets. Since inventories cannot be converted into liquid asset, they are deducted in acid test ratio. The ratio is calculated through dividing current assets net of inventories or stock by current liabilities (Shields, 2011). The ratio is also known as the quick ratio. Trainline company was performing good in 2012 in 2013 faced a decline in 2014, but was able to increase the ratio (Shields, 2011). The standard benchmark for acid test ratio is 1.5. Date March 03, 2012 March 02, 2013 March 01, 2014 February 28, 2015 March 05, 2016 Acid Test Ratio 1.59 1.86 1.18 1.41 1.21 Assuming a sales growth rate of 10.05% an expense growth rate of 5.02% (one-half of the earnings growth rate), the following cash budget is forecasted: Trainline.com Cash Budget For the Years from March-2016 to March-2019 March 05, 2016 March 05, 2017 March 05, 2018 March 05, 2019 Opening Cash Balance 44408 2040477 4254439 Share Capital 1131 1245 1370 1507 Ticket Sales 1938116 2132883 2347222 2583101 Collection from receivables 153121 153121 Total Cash Available 2092368 2331656 4389069 6839047 Cost of Sales 45824 48126 50545 53084 Administrative Expense 61375 64459 67698 71099 Interest Payable Similar Charges 9994 10496 11024 11577 Tax on Profit 4863 5107 5364 5633 Payment to Creditors 162990 162990 Total Disbursement 285046 291179 134630 141395 ClosingCash Balance 1807322 2040477 4254439 6697653 Analysis on Sources of Cash: Issuance of Shares: Trainline collects cash from issuing different kinds of shares such as primary, preferred shares etc. Foer the purpose of issuing shares, Trainline.com must enlist in the regulatory body controlling issuance of shares, the London Stock Exchange. The company decided to float shares through London Stock Exchange with a prospective figure amounting  £500. It had a capital amount of  £1131000 in 2016 (Shields, 2011). Issuance of shares is most often a common source for collecting cash in short-term period. Sale of Tickets: Since the company stands for it, i.e. selling tickets is the main source of income of Trainline.com, it is the most important source through which the company collects cash. Trainline.com deals in train tickets. This facilitates the clients through booking seats in train. The company reported a sales figure of  £1938116000 in 2016 from selling tickets the websites (Shields, 2011). Receivables: Collection from receivables is not actually a different source than that of the main source, that is, selling tickets, it is the due amount that the company owes to customers.   Trainline provides services on credit as well. By Shields, (2011), in 2016, the company recorded an amount of  £15312100 for receivables. Retained Earnings: Companies dont pay all of the profit earned in any particular accounting period to their shareholders. The portion of net profit held by the company management is called retained earnings (Shields, 2011). The general thought behind this notion is that company management wants to keep cautious measure in order to prevent future uncertain issues. Trainline also retains part of its net profit every year in order to raise cash when needed. In 2016, the company reported  £55027000 as retained earnings (Vence-Deza, Metcalfe, 2012). Retained earnings is a part of trainline.coms equity a good source of collecting cash. These sources are primarily seen on trainline.com. these help trainline.com to continue the business operation. Besides these there is the need of the proper management of the business operation on the basis of the accurate financial information. These sources of collecting cash helps trainline.com run its day to day operations. The management of the company emphasizes on these sources in order to ensure solution to future uncertain issues as well. Critical analysis of anything is done through evaluating the advantages disadvantages of that particular thing (Siegel, Shim, 2010). There are different sources available for trainline.com. The company prefers does use the sources of finance based on their advantages. Followings are some of the common sources identified for trainline.com: Capital through Issuing Shares Debentures: For a company like trainline.com, the issuance of shares or debentures is a better easy source, since this source ensures short-term quick financing (Siegel, Shim, 2010). Trainline is an airline ticket selling company the base income source is ticket-sales. The company needs to ensure short-term financing to run its daily operations. Besides, there are not that much regulatory requirements for secondary share issuance as a result lesser costs to incur. Sale of Tickets: The main source of finance for trainline.com is the sale of airline as mentioned in its charter (Siegel, Shim, 2010). The company earns its basic income from selling tickets. Whether short-term or long-term, the company is ought to carry on going with this source of finance. The costs associated with this source is the collective costs of operating expenses. Receivables: Trainline sells air tickets to its customers on credit as well (Rosenberg, 2013). Even though, this is not a different source than sale of tickets, the management of the company thinks in other way round, since this source ensures financing for future operations. This source doesnt have any cost unless there is issue of granting discount on timely payment. Retained Earnings: Retained earnings is the that portion of net profit which is retained or withheld by the management of the company in order to prepare for future uncertainties (Rosenberg, 2013). Retained earnings is the most popular source of finance for companies like trainline.com, since this source makes sure of short-term quick financing. Bank Loans: Different term loans granted by the banks are also a very common source of finance used by companies (Rosenberg, 2013). Trainline have affiliation with several banks, since the customers pay for the tickets through bank accounts. The company can ensure financing through borrowing loans from banks. There are costs such as interest, borrowing costs etc. There are also some regulatory requirements as well. The above-mentioned sources are some of the most common sources of finance. Trainline is suggested to understand the relative advantages of each source then choose the best one considering given situation opportunities. Evaluation of Investment Techniques: Trainline can think of undertaking investment project through evaluating the benefits of the projects. For the evaluation purposes, there are several investment appraisal techniques. Among the various, the very common techniques are payback period (PBP), accounting rate of return (ARR), net present value (NPV). The payback period shows how many years or periods an investment project will take to recover the invested money. It doesnt consider the time value of money. Accounting rate of return how much accounting profit trainline.com would earn from the average assets invested (Rosenberg, 2013). This technique doesnt consider cash flows. Net present value is the most popular significant investment appraisal technique, since it considers all the related cash flows time value of money. This approach discounts the future cash flows from any project under consideration. Trainline is suggested to choose the best investment technique, the NPV to choose the investment project that shows th e highest positive net present value. Entrepreneurial ecosystem is the lead frontier for the development of any kind of business organization (Rosenberg, 2013). There are some basic constituents that collectively form the entrepreneurial ecosystem which, in turn, is responsible for developing businesses. This rule works across the whole world, but very little that we are aware of this enormous fact. The fundamental elements that contribute to the development of an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem are Market Situation, Cultural Traits, Policies, Capital, Financial Position different supporting elements. The general constitutional framework for Entrepreneurial Ecosystem is shown through the following figure: Capital: Without capital, no one can think of going for business (Rosenberg, 2013). It is called the life blood of businesses. Capital can be of, in general, two types such as the financial capital the human capital. Both of these are significant. Human capital or resource is the most important constituent of an organizational setting. Human resource is the precondition for any organization stand by. Trainline needs to ensure proper management of its human resource. Market Situation: Market situation generally means the current position of the demand supply altogether of any market the interrelation of the driving forces that create the situation (Hussain,   Scott, 2010). Train line must comply with the market situation provide service accordingly to gain sustainable competitive advantage to ensure goal achievement through making sure of consistent growth. The company needs to conduct researches make analysis to have a thorough understanding of the current market situation. Policies: Throughout the globe, due to several human organizational needs, policies have been being developed renovated across generations (Hussain,   Scott, 2010). These policies are developed to deal with the situations associated with different human needs. There are policies for businesses as well. Since trainline.com is a business organization that bases its operations through internet, the policies so enactedby the government of the UK are ought to be complied with by trainline.com. Financial Position: Since finance is the base for capital, it is also referred to as the life blood of businesses. Firms need to look for different sources to finance. Trainline needs to cope up with the basic management of financing for any project (Hussain,   Scott, 2010). The company needs to figure out where to get the funds from, where to invest the collected funds, how to deal with interest settlements in order to develop the business situation. Cultural Traits: Cultural traits, norms, beliefs, values add greatly to the entrepreneurial ecosystem (Hussain,   Scott, 2010). The organization setting highly depends on the way people around the organization behave, perceive interact with each other. Trainline needs to understand the cultural traits of the customers to get along with sustainable development. Entrepreneurial ecosystem through its culture component influences the business environment both in terms of emergence development. Supporting Elements: According to Rosenberg, (2013), Different supporting elements such as legal infrastructure, reporting (bookkeeping accounting) systems, corporate social responsibilities, social marketing etc. are also responsible for the development of entrepreneurial ecosystem surrounding a business. These elements may be favourable or unfavourable. Trainline needs to make appropriate analysis derive meaningful conclusions to deal with these elements to ensure improvement. The above discussed elements or constituents are responsible for entrepreneurial ecosystem. Through these collectively structured constituents, the entrepreneurial ecosystem is responsible for the development of businesses across the world. When a company has the scope abilities to go from private limited to publiclimited, it has to go through making Initial Public Offering (IPO), i.e. issuing primary shares through enlisting registration into the regulatory authority of that particular country or region (Fardon, Cox, 2014). For trainline.com to go for IPO, it must enlist into the London Stock Exchange, UK. Along with the scope abilities, there are some ethical considerations as well to go for IPO. The ethical considerations are as follows: Ensured Forecast Result: If trainline.com can ensure that the forecast so made by the accountants or the professionals associated will be feasible in the long run for the development of the company will not bring about any severe challenges for the stake of all the shareholders, the company may wish to go for making initial public offering (Fardon, Cox, 2014). It can be said that this is the first foremost stage where any firm can think of going public limited. Reported Income Financial Position: Even though reported income figure financial position as shown in the financial statements are not completely an ethical requirement for a company to go for IPO, the relative values associated with these requirements sometimes add greatly to the ethical considerations for going public. An expression of this fact is the need for full disclosure principle of accounting. Trainline must provide information of reported income, financial position to the stakeholders full extent. In 2016, trainline.com reported equity value of  £56158000 liability amounting  £162990000 (Dean, Schwindt, 2015). The amount of accounts receivables is  £153121000 that gives the notion of income in that accounting period amounting  £32931000 (Dean, Schwindt, 2015). Shareholders Consent: Before going for IPO, the trainline.com needs to arrange statutory meeting with the shareholders (Dalton, 2013). It will be considered unethical, if the company goes for IPO without letting the shareholders know about the issue. Not only does trainline.com have to let the shareholders know the issue of going for IPO, but also the company has to have strong agreement from all of the members. Employment of Independent Auditor: To ensure bias free situation, trainline.com needs to appoint independent auditors who would check analyze the financial situation of the company through auditing financial statements (Dalton, 2013). If the auditors provide positive opinion about the reliability of the financial information so provided through the financial statements, then only then trainline.com is allowed to go for IPO. Even though this requirement is a legal one, contributes to the ethical consideration in the sense that the fulfilment of this requirement reduces legal obligations of both shareholders the government. The company should not disrespect the rights of shareholders or stakeholders as a whole before going public. These are the some of the core ethical considerations that the concerned firm is suggested to comply with in order to go for IPO (Dalton, 2013). After making analysis of the situation so brought up here by the given information of Trainline, it can be said that the company is able to go for Initial Public Offering. The effort to evaluate a firms performance based on ratios with the objective to make investment decisions is appreciable. There are several key factors that collectively ensure the success of the business. The Trainline company has been able to cope up with the drastically changing business environment. The company had its different sources of finance. The company evaluated, analyzed different investment appraisal techniques to get along with projects with opportunities which, in turn, ensure growth. By getting through the business line with consistent constant growth, the Trainline can obtain sustainable competitive advantage. The certain ethical issues that have the full privy to influence the decision to go for IPO. Accounting financial analysis is necessary, since right decision comes out of right information. These analyses provide decisionmakers with the right information. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P. (2017). Corporate finance. Harlow, England: Pearson. Cassedy, P. (2014). Finance. San Diego, Calif.: Lucent Books. Clark, R., Baker, D. (2011). Finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dalton, H. (2013). Principles of Public Finance. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Dean, J., Schwindt, R. (2015). FinanceI. Durham: Eno River Press. Fardon, M., Cox, D. (2014). Finance. Worcester: Osborne. Hussain, J., Scott, J. (2010) Research handbook on entrepreneurial finance. Rosenberg, S. (2013). Finance. New York, N.Y.: Facts on File Publications. Shields, D. (2011). Finance. Oxford: ISIS Large Print. Siegel, J., Shim, J. (2010). Finance. New York: Barrons. Vence-Deza, X., Metcalfe, J. (2012). Wealth from Diversity. Boston, MA: Springer US.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Causes of the Cold War Essay -- misperception and miscalculation i

Ever since the outbreak of the Cold War after WWII, American historians have depicted it as a battle pitting good versus evil, American democracy, capitalism, and desire for world peace, against Soviet communism, totalitarianism, and desire to take over the world. However, this categorization of the Cold War has been proven false by many documents made public since the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s. Over the course of this essay, I will attempt to explain the true causes of the Cold War, and some of the reasons it progressed the way it did. My analysis will begin with a general discussion of how nuclear proliferation impacted the decision making of both American and Soviet leaders. It is, I believe, important to understand this before delving any deeper, as nuclear proliferation’s affect on decision making was arguably the key dynamic operating throughout the entire Cold War. Then, I will analyze more specifically the causes of the Cold War and t he reasons it progressed the way it did. My main contention will be that both sides were operating primarily under a doctrine of realpolitik, but that ideology, especially in the case of the Soviets, distorted perceptions of reality and led to false assumptions. I will also show, that on both sides, these false assumptions led to the misinterpretation of defensive actions as offensive and thus the escalation of tensions. Three points of view exist on the relationship between nuclear proliferation and the maintenance of peace during the Cold War. The first of these, the realist perspective, concludes that nuclear proliferation was positively correlated to peace. Realist theorists generally base this inference on three basic postulates: 1) States want to mainta... ... Stanford University Press; 1 edition, 1995 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein "We All Lost the Cold War" Princeton University Press; Reprint edition, 1995 Vladislav Zubok "A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev" The University of North Carolina Press; 2009 Kathryn Weathersby â€Å"Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War" 1993 http://pages.ucsd.edu/~bslantchev/courses/nss/documents/weathersby-soviet-aims-in-korea.pdf Works Consulted Norman M. Naimark, "Stalin and Europe in the Postwar Period, 1945-1953: Issues and Problems," Journal of Modern European History 2 (2004): 28--56; Vladimir O. Pechatnov, "The Soviet Union and the Outside World, 1944-1953," Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. by Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, 3 vols. (London: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).